Conidiation is a biological process in which filamentous fungi reproduce asexuallyfrom spores. Rhythmic conidiation is the most obvious output of fungal circadian rhythms. Neurospora species are most often used to study this rhythmic conidiation.
References
Patricia L. Lakin-Thomas and Stuart Brody, Circadian Rhythms in Microorganisms: New Complexities, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2004. 58:489–519 doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123744, Copyright 2004 by Annual Reviews.
See also
Fungi portal
Conidium
This fungus-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conidiation”
Categories: Mycology | Fungus stubs
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Lloy James Ball (born February 17, 1972 in Fort Wayne, Indiana) is an American volleyball player, who represented the United States men’s national volleyball team in four Olympics team competitions.
Contents
1Personal life
2IPFW
3National Team
3.1International
3.2Olympics
4Professional
5Individual awards
6References
7External links
Personal life
Ball grew up in Woodburn, Indiana.
He attended school at Central Lutheran in New Haven, Indiana, and in Woodburn. Because Ball grew up in a state that did not (and to this day does not) sanction varsity competition in boys’ volleyball, he only played competitively during the summer. He made his first breakthrough at age 15 by getting an automatic position on the 1987 Olympic Festival. Ball also played basketball and was recruited by Bobby Knight to play the game at Indiana University. Ball currently resides in Angola, Indiana with his wife, son and daughter.
IPFW
Ball attended Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW) from 1991-1995 and played volleyball there for his father, Arnie Ball. In his freshman season, he was named Volleyball Magazine National Freshman of the Year as he recorded 1,421 assists to go along with 171 digs, 113 blocks and 164 kills on the year. In his sophomore season, he was an American Volleyball Coaches Association (AVCA) Second Team All-American and also broke the school record for single season assists (2,047).
In his junior year, he was repeated as a Second Team All-American and was the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA) Player of the Year and recorded a career high 106 assists vs. Ball State. He ranked among the top 20 in the nation in hitting percentage and aces per game. In 1994, he was a First Team All-American and repeated as the MIVA Player of the Year. He led IPFW to the NCAA Men’s Volleyball Championship semifinals, before suffering a broken hand prior to the match.
In 2006, Ball was inducted into the IPFW Athletics Hall of Fame as part of the inaugural class.
National Team
International
Ball competed at the 1991 (silver) and 1993 World University Games. He was also on the national team that won the silver medal at the 1995 Pan American Games. Ball came to the USA national team in May 1994 after concluding a stellar collegiate career at IPFW.
Ball represented the U.S. men’s volleyball team at the 2007 FIVB Men’s World Cup, helping the team to finish fourth.
At the 2008 FIVB World League, Ball led the U.S. men to its first ever World League title, by defeating Serbia in the final. Throughout the final round, the U.S. men also swept World No. 1 Brazil on their home floor in front of 11,600 Brazil fans. Ball was named the “Best Setter” and Most Valuable Player of the tournament.
Olympics
Ball made his Olympic debut at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, where Team USA finished in ninth place tie with South Korea, after having claimed the bronze medal two years earlier at the World Championships. At the 2000 Sydney Olympics, Ball started but the USA had a disappointing tournament, not winning a match and finishing with a 11th place tie with Egypt.
At the 2004 Athens Olympics, Ball led Team USA to the Semifinals, where they lost to eventual gold medalist Brazil. They earned their way to the Bronze Medal match, but were swept by Russia to come down to a fourth place finish. Despite not getting a medal, it was the best Olympic finish for the men since they won the Bronze Medal in 1992.
With his selection to the 2008 Olympic squad, Ball became the first male volleyball player from the United States to compete in four Olympics.
After leading Team USA past Russia in 5 sets at the 2008 Summer Olympics semifinals in Beijing, China, Ball led Team USA to the gold medal by defeating World No. 1 Brazil in four sets. During the tournament, the U.S. never lost a match, going undefeated at 8-0.
Professional
For the 2008-09 season, Ball is playing with VC Zenit Kazan in Russia.
Individual awards
2008 FIVB World League “Best Setter”‘
2008 FIVB World League “Most Valuable Player”‘
2007 NORCECA Championship “Best Setter”
2007 NORCECA Championship “Most Valuable Player”
Inducted into IPFW Athletics Hall of Fame (2006, the inaugural class)
2003 NORCECA Championship “Best Setter”
1999 FIVB World Cup “Best Setter”
References
^ Woodburn native Ball picked for 4th Games
^ ab http://www.gomastodons.com/hallfame/ipfw-hallfame2006.html
^ U.S. men sweep Brazil, earn way to FIVB championship match
^ Ball leads men’s national team to first World League title
^ U.S. announces Olympic men’s volleyball squad
^ U.S. Men Defeat Brazil to Grab Gold in Volleyball, New York Times, Juliet Macur, August 24, 2008.
External links
U.S. National Team bio
Bio at NBC Olympics
v•d•e
United States-1996 Summer Olympics (9th place)
Lloy Ball | Bob Ctvrtlik | Scott Fortune | John Hyden | Bryan Ivie | Michael Lambert | Dan Landry | Jeff Nygaard | Tom Sorensen | Jeff Stork | Ethan Watts | Brett Winslow |Coach: Fred Sturm
v•d•e
United States-2008 Summer Olympics – Gold Medal
Lloy Ball | Sean Rooney | David Lee | Richard Lambourne | William Priddy | Ryan Millar | Riley Salmon | Tom Hoff | Clay Stanley | Kevin Hansen | Gabe Gardner | Scott Touzinsky |
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloy_Ball”
Categories: 1972 births | Living people | American volleyball players | Olympic gold medalists for the United States | Volleyball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics | Volleyball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics | Volleyball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics | Volleyball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics | Olympic volleyball players of the United States | People from Fort Wayne, Indiana | Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne alumni
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Location in Wilkinson County and the state of Georgia
Coordinates: 32°49?32?N83°5?0?W? / ?32.82556°N 83.083333°W? / 32.82556; -83.083333Coordinates: data for this location”>32°49?32?N83°5?0?W? / ?32.82556°N 83.083333°W? / 32.82556; -83.083333
Country
United States
State
Georgia
County
Wilkinson
Area
- Total
1.9 sq mi (4.8 km2)
- Land
1.9 sq mi (4.8 km2)
- Water
0 sq mi (0 km2)
Elevation
233 ft (71 m)
Population (2000)
- Total
622
- Density
327.4/sq mi (129.6/km2)
Time zone
Eastern (EST) (UTC-5)
- Summer (DST)
EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP code
31090
Area code(s)
478
FIPS code
13-76952
GNIS feature ID
0324226
Toomsboro is a town in Wilkinson County, Georgia, United States. The population was 622 at the 2000 census.
Contents
1Geography
2History
3Demographics
4Notes
Geography
Toomsboro is located at 32°49?32?N83°5?0?W? / ?32.82556°N 83.083333°W? / 32.82556; -83.083333 (32.825423, -83.083196).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.9 square miles (4.8 km²), all of it land.
History
In 2002, most of the history downtown buildings and land were for sale for $695,000.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 622 people, 209 households, and 146 families residing in the town. The population density was 333.9 people per square mile (129.1/km²). There were 252 housing units at an average density of 135.3/sq mi (52.3/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 45.02% White, 53.70% African American, 0.80% from other races, and 0.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.80% of the population.
There were 209 households out of which 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.2% were married couples living together, 26.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.32.
In the town the population was spread out with 25.1% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 22.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 77.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 71.3 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $26,250, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $27,321 versus $23,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,679. About 15.6% of families and 22.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.0% of those under age 18 and 24.0% of those age 65 or over.
Notes
^ ab“American FactFinder”. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^“US Board on Geographic Names”. United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^“US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990″. United States Census Bureau. 2005-05-03. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toomsboro,_Georgia”
Categories: Wilkinson County, Georgia | Towns in Georgia (U.S. state) | United States communities with African American majority populationsHidden categories: Infobox Settlement US maintenance
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Mistley railway station
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Mistley
Location
Place
Mistley
Local authority
Tendring
Operations
Station code
MIS
Managed by
National Express East Anglia
Platforms in use
2
Live arrivals/departures and station information
from National Rail
Annual rail passenger usage
2004/05 *
31,787
2005/06 *
39,975
2006/07 *
43,368
2007/08 *
48,600
History
Opened 1854 (1854)
National Rail - UK railway stations
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
* Annual passenger usage based on sales of tickets in stated financial year(s) which end or originate at Mistley from Office of Rail Regulation statistics.
UK Railways Portal
Mistley railway station serves the village of Mistley, in Essex, England. The station, and all trains serving it, are operated by National Express East Anglia. It is situated on the Mayflower Line.
It is served by local trains on the electrified branch line between Manningtree and Harwich Town.
It was opened by the Eastern Union Railway in 1854 and the brick-built two-storey Italianate station building (not now in railway use) was probably designed by Frederick Barnes.
Service
Mistley sees a regular service consisting of (Monday-Saturday off peak):
1 train per hour (tph) to Harwich Town, calling at Wrabness, Harwich International and Dovercourt. This journey takes 19 minutes.
1 tph to London Liverpool Street, calling at Manningtree, Colchester, Marks Tey, Kelvedon, Witham, Chelmsford, Shenfield and Stratford (to set down). This journey takes 1 hour 16 minutes.
On Sundays trains terminate at Manningtree (Journey time to Manningtree is 4 minutes and to Liverpool Street is 1 hour 32 minutes, changing onto the London-Ipswich outer suburban service).
Most services are operated by Class 360 electric multiple units, but some are operated by Class 321 or Class 315 EMUs, especially in the evenings and on Sundays.
References
^Kay, Peter (2006). Essex Railway Heritage. Wivenhoe: Peter Kay. ISBN 978-1-899890-40-8.
External links
Train times and station information for Mistley railway station from National Rail
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistley_railway_station”
Categories: British railway stations opened in 2010 | Railway stations in Essex | Railway stations served by National Express East Anglia
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(Redirected from Leopold Anoul)
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This article does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009)
Léopold Anoul (19 August 1922 – 11 February 1990), aka Pol Anoul, was a Belgian footballer.
During his club career he played for Royal FC Liegeois (1942-1957) and Standard Liège (1957-1960). From 1947 to 1954, he earned 48 caps and scored 20 goals for the Belgium national football team, including 3 goals in the 1954 FIFA World Cup.
His nickname was “l’homme de Colombes” (the man from Colombes) after a wonderful goal he scored for Belgium against France in the stadium of Colombes near Paris.
1 Gernaey • 2 Dries • 3 Van Brandt • 4 Huysmans • 5 Carré • 6 Mees • 7 Vliers • 8 Houf • 9 Coppens • 10 Anoul • 11 Mermans • 12 Geerts • 13 Dirickx • 14 Van Kerkhoven • 15 H. Van Den Bosch • 16 P. Van Den Bosch • 17 Ausloos • 18 Van Der Linden • 19 Backaert • 20 Maertens • 21 Van Steen • 22 Van Hoywegen • Coach: Livingstone
This biographical article relating to Belgian football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_Anoul”
Categories: 1922 births | 1990 deaths | Belgian footballers | Belgium international footballers | 1954 FIFA World Cup players | R.F.C. de Liège players | R. Standard de Liège players | Belgian First Division footballers | Belgian football biography stubsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from March 2009 | All articles lacking sources
Clifford Cady Ireland (February 14, 1878 - May 24, 1930) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.
Born in Washburn, Illinois, Ireland attended the common schools, Cheltenham Military Academy, Ogontz, Pennsylvania, and Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois. He was graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1901 and from the Illinois College of Law at Chicago in 1908. He was admitted to the bar in 1909 and commenced practice in Peoria. He served as a private in the Illinois National Guard during the Spanish-American War.
Ireland was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-fifth, Sixty-sixth, and Sixty-seventh Congresses (March 4, 1917-March 3, 1923). He served as chairman of the Committee on Accounts (Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Congresses). He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1922. He resumed the practice of law at Peoria. He was appointed a director of the department of trade and commerce of Illinois in 1923, serving until his resignation in 1926. He died in Chicago, Illinois, May 24, 1930. He was interred in Linn-Mount Vernon Cemetery, Washburn, Illinois.
References
Clifford C. Ireland at the Biographical Directory of the United States CongressThis article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_C._Ireland”
Categories: 1878 births | 1930 deaths | Members of the United States House of Representatives from IllinoisHidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
This page was last modified on 10 December 2009 at 01:41.
(Redirected from Crooked Blaze)
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These young horses, though all the same color, exhibit uniquely different markings, which can be used to identify individual horses
A marking on a horse’s muzzle showing pink skin under most of the white hairs, dark skin at the edges of the marking.
Markings on horses usually are distinctive white areas on an otherwise dark base coat color. Most horses have some markings, and they help to identify the horse as a unique individual. Markings are present at birth and do not change over the course of the horse’s life. Most markings have pink skin underneath most of the white hairs, though a few faint markings may occasionally have white hair with no underlying pink skin. Markings may appear to change slightly when a horse grows or sheds its winter coat, however the difference is simply a factor of hair coat length, the underlying design does not change.
On a gray horse, markings visible at birth may become hidden as the horse turns white with age, but markings can still be determined by trimming the horse’s hair closely, then wetting down the coat to see where there is pink skin and black skin under the hair.
Contents
1Types of Markings
1.1Facial markings
1.2Leg markings
2Examples
2.1Facial markings
2.2Leg markings
3Non-white markings
4Other markings
4.1Natural markings
4.2Scarring, skin disease and injury
5Other identifying features
6Coat Colors with distinctive patterns
7References
Types of Markings
Facial markings
Facial markings. Top row, L-R: Blaze, Stripe, Stripe (or thin blaze) and snip, Irregular blaze, Interrupted stripe, bald face. Bottom row, L-R: Faint star, Star, Star and strip, irregular star, snip, lip marking
Facial markings are usually described by shape and location. There may be more than one distinct facial marking and if so, will be named separately. Sometimes, the eye a horse with a white marking that extends over that eye may be blue instead of brown, though this is not consistently seen in all cases.
Common facial markings are:
Blaze: a wide white stripe down the middle of the face.
Strip, stripe, or race: a narrow white stripe down the middle of the face.
Bald Face: a very wide blaze, extending to or past the eyes. Some, but not all, bald faced horses also have blue eyes.
Star: a white marking between or above the eyes. If a stripe or blaze is present, a star must be significantly wider than the vertical marking to be designated separately.
Snip: a white marking on the muzzle, between the nostrils.
Additional terms used to describe facial markings include the following:
Faint: A small, yet permanent marking that usually consists of white hairs without any underlying pink skin.
Interrupted: A marking, usually a strip or blaze, that is broken and not solid for the entire length of the face.
Connected: Occasionally used to describe distinctively different markings that happen to be joined to one another
Irregular or crooked: A marking, usually a strip or blaze, that does not have a more or less straight path.
Lip markings: have no specialized names, usually are described by location, such as “lower lip,” “chin”, etc. Lip markings may indicate presence of the sabino color pattern.
Leg markings. Top row, L-R: Stocking, Sock or Boot, Fetlock or Sock. Bottom row, L-R: Pastern, Coronet, Partial Pastern
Leg markings
Leg markings are usually described by the highest point of the horse’s leg that is covered by white. As a general rule, the horse’s hoof beneath a white marking at the coronary line will also be light-colored (”white”). If a horse has a partial marking or ermine spots at the coronary band, the hoof may be both dark and light, corresponding with the hair coat immediately above. Where the Leopard gene is present, the hoof may be striped even if markings are not visible at the coronary band.
From tallest to shortest, common leg markings are:
Stocking: white marking that extends at least to the bottom of the knee or hock, sometimes higher
Sock: white marking that extends higher than the fetlock but not as high as the knee or hock. This marking is sometimes called a “boot.”
Fetlock or Sock: white marking that extends over the fetlock, occasionally called a “boot.”
Pastern: white marking that extends above the top of the hoof, but stops below the fetlock
Coronet: white just above the hoof, around coronary band, usually no more than 1 inch (2.5cm) above the hoof.
Additional terms used to describe white leg markings include:
Irregular: A marking within the broad confines of a given height, but with significantly uneven edges. Indicated by the highest point of the white. Most often used to describe certain types of stockings.
Partial: An irregular marking that only extends up part of the leg to the height indicated, sometimes with the other side of the leg dark. Usually used to describe socks and other short markings.
“High White:” White stockings that extend above the knee or hock, sometimes extending past the stifle onto the flank or belly, considered characteristic of the sabino color pattern.
Examples
Facial markings
A “baldfaced” horse
A horse with a blaze
A horse with a star, interrupted stripe, and snip
A horse with a star
Leg markings
Shorter marking is sometimes called a “fetlock” or a “sock,” taller marking is clearly a sock
A stocking
A horse with “high white,” including stockings on all four legs
A coronet marking
Non-white markings
Ermine marks, seen here on the coronary band, just above the hoof.
A Bend-Or Spot
Bend-Or spots: Dark faint spotting, usually seen on horses with a Chestnut or Palomino coat color.
Ermine marks: The occurrence of black marks on a white marking, most often seen on leg markings just above the hoof.
“Medicine hat”: An unusual type of Pinto or Paint coloring where the horse has dark ears and poll (like a hat on the head), but surrounded on all sides of the head and neck by white.
Shield: A dark Pinto marking where the horse has a dark colored chest, surrounded completely by white on the shoulders, legs, belly and neck. Occasionally used to describe the rarer example of a horse with a totally dark head surrounded completely by white.
Other markings
This horse has a belly spot. It also has a blaze and three stockings
Horses may have isolated body spots that are not large or numerous enough to qualify them as an Appaloosa, Pinto or Paint. Such markings are usually simply called “body spots,” sometimes identified by location, i.e. “belly spot,” “flank spot,” etc. When this type of isolated spotting occurs, it is usually the action of the sabino gene.
Horses may develop white markings over areas where there was an injury to the animal, either to cover scar tissue from a cut or abrasion, or to reflect harm to the underlying skin or nerves. One common type of scarring that produces patches of white hairs are “saddle marks,” which are round or oval marks on either side of the withers, produced by a pinching saddle that had been worn over a long period of time.
A white marking on the crest of a horse’s neck artificially created by freeze branding, a form of marking for identification claimed to be nearly painless to the horse.
Natural markings
Birdcatcher spots are small white spots, usually between 1 mm and 1 inch (25.4 mm) in diameter. It is not yet known what controls their expression, although it is believed that they are not genetic. Birdcatcher spots occur in many breeds. These spots may occur late in a horse’s life, or may occur and then disappear.
Ticking or Birdcatcher ticks are markings that involves white flecks of hair at the flank, and white hairs at the base of the tail, called a “skunk tail”. These patterns are permanent and probably genetic. It is thought that this roaning effect might be linked to the rabicano gene. The name comes from a Thoroughbred horse named Birdcatcher, who had white hairs throughout his flank and tail
Scarring, skin disease and injury
Rainscald or Dermatophilus congolensis can leave a horse with small white spots, especially along his top line.
Roan horses often develop patches of solid (dark) hair on the roan sections of their bodies wherever there has been any scratch or damage to underlying skin, even if only slight. These are sometimes called “corn marks” or “corn spots.”
Scarring on a horse usually results in white hairs growing in over the injured area, though occasionally there may be no hair growth over the scar at all.
Saddle marks may be seen on the back or withers as a patch of white hairs, usually a result of wearing an improperly-fitted saddle for long periods, but also could be related to straightforward long-term saddle wear, unclean saddle blankets and other causes. White marks just forward of the withers may be the result of an ill-fitting horse blanket worn for a long period of time.
A hot brand on a horse.
A type of deliberate human-created scarring that results in white hair is freeze branding, a method of permanently marking a horse for identification purposes. Some forms of hot branding may also scar lightly enough to leave white hairs rather than bare skin.
A freeze brand on a horse’s shoulder, a common spot for branding.
Leg scars left from pin firing or bar firing, in which an injury is blistered with hot iron, can leave dots or lines of white hair in a very distinct pattern. This is usually seen on Thoroughbreds that have raced. This treatment is not commonly practiced, but such markings are still occasionally seen.
Scars from accidents, as well as old injury sites (such as bowed tendons), can also be used to identify a horse.
Other identifying features
A tovero horse with blue eyes and “Medicine hat” markings.
Horses can be uniquely identified by more than just markings or brands. A few other physical characteristics sometimes used to distinguish a horse from another are:
Whorls, colloquially known as “cowlicks”: divergent or convergent patches of hair found anywhere on the body but mostly on the head, neck, chest, belly, or just in front of the stifles.
“Glass” eye, “Moon” eye, “China” eye, “Wall” eye or “Night” eye: A blue eye. Horses with blue eyes are less common than horses with brown eyes, but can see equally well.
Chestnuts: A callous-like area on the inside of the horse’s leg that has a subtle pattern, but one unique to each horse. It has been proposed that chestnuts could be used as a type of “fingerprint” to identify a horse, but the idea has failed to become widespread in practice, probably in part because the chestnut continually grows and sheds, making precise measurement a challenge.
“Prophet’s thumbs,” or muscle dimples, are small indentations in the muscle, usually found on the horse’s neck.
Coat Colors with distinctive patterns
Main article: Equine coat color
Some horse coat colors are distinguished by unique patterns. However, even for horses with coat colors that are arranged in a manner unique to each individual horse, these patterns are not called “markings.” Some coat colors partially distinguished by unique patterning include:
Appaloosa or “Leopard”: A breed and a horse coat color pattern of small leopard-type spotting.
Bay: A horse coat color that features “black points” on a red base coat. All bay horses have a black mane, tail and legs (except where overlain by white markings), caused by the presence of the Agouti gene. Most have black hairs along the edges of their ears and on their muzzles, and occasionally will have a slight darkening of the hairs along their backbone.
Brindle: An extremely rare horse coat color, it features faint vertical striping in a shade slightly diluted from the base coat color. (Not to be confused with the zebra, which is an entirely different species.) Brindling may be associated with chimerism.
Dun: A horse coat color that features primitive markings: a slightly darker hair shade from the base coat located in a dorsal stripe along the horse’s backbone, horizontal striping on the upper legs and sometimes transverse striping across the shoulders. These markings identify a horse as a dun as opposed to a buckskin or a bay.
Pinto: A horse coat color that is distinguished by one of several possible broad spotting patterns, as opposed to the smaller spots typical of the Appaloosa. Variations include Piebald, Skewbald, Overo, Tobiano, Tovero and Sabino.
Roan: A horse coat color that features white and dark hairs intermingled together, but the horse has head and legs of the base color with very little white. Roans sometimes have dark areas on their coats similar to Bend-Or spots, called “corn marks”.
References
^ Medicine Hat horses
“Horse Markings”
“Horse and Pony Head Markings”
“Horse and Pony Leg Markings”
“Identifying Horse parts and markings,” Adapted From: Horses For Dummies, 2nd Edition.
v•d•e
Equine coat colors
Basic coat colors
Bay ·Black ·Chestnut (also known as Sorrel) ·Gray
Dilution modifiers
Dilution gene · Dun · Grullo (variation of Dun) · Silver dapple · Champagne · Pearl dilution · Lavender foal syndrome (also called coat color dilution lethal) ·Cream gene (influences) · Buckskin · Palomino · Cremello · Perlino · Smoky black · Smoky cream · Isabelline
Other color modifiers
Sooty · Liver · Seal brown (horse) ·White (includes genetically distinct): · Dominant white · Sabino-white · Lethal white syndrome
Markings and patterns
Horse markings·Primitive markings ·Bend-Or spots ·Cropout ·Point (coat color) ·Pangaré ·Brindle ·Leopard complex (see also Appaloosa and Knabstrup breeds, Varnish roan) ·Roan·Rabicano ·Pinto horse: (Patterns include ) ·Overo (including genetically distinct Splashed white, Frame, and Sabino) ·Tobiano ·Tovero ·(Color variations): Piebald ·Skewbald ·Tricoloured]
Genetics and breeding
Equine coat color genetics · color breed · Wildtype
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Contents
1History
2Notable experiments
2.1Zener card experiments
2.2Ganzfeld experiments
3Controversy
3.1Fraud
4See also
5References
6Further reading
Numerous scientific experiments seeking evidence of telepathy have been conducted over more than a century in the field of parapsychology. Telepathy, as with all parapsychological subjects, remains controversial.
History
Western scientific investigation of telepathy is generally recognized as having begun with the initial program or research of the Society for Psychical Research. The apex of their early investigations was the report published in 1886 as the two-volume work Phantasms of the Living. It was with this work that the term “telepathy” was introduced, replacing the earlier term “thought transference”. Although much of the initial investigations consisted largely of gathering anecdotal accounts with follow-up investigations, they also conducted experiments with some of those who claimed telepathic abilities. However, their experimental protocols were far more lax than those used today.
In 1917, psychologist John E. Coover from Stanford University conducted a series of telepathy tests involving transmitting/guessing playing cards. His participants were able to guess the identity of cards with overall odds against chance of 160 to 1; however, Coover did not consider the results to be significant enough to report this as a positive result.
The best-known early telepathy experiments were those of J. B. Rhine and his associates at Duke University, beginning in the 1927 using the distinctive ESP Cards of Karl Zener (see also Zener Cards). These involved more rigorous and systematic experimental protocols than those from the 19th century, used what were assumed to be ‘average’ participants rather than those who claimed exceptional ability, and used new developments in the field of statistics to evaluate results. Results of these and other experiments were published by Rhine in his popular book Extra Sensory Perception, which popularized the term.
Another influential book about telepathy was Mental Radio, published in 1930 by the Pulitzer prize-winning author Upton Sinclair (with foreword by Albert Einstein). In it Sinclair describes the apparent ability of his wife at times to reproduce sketches made by himself and others, even when separated by several miles. They note in their book that the results could also be described by the more general term clairvoyance, and they did some experiments whose results suggested that in fact no sender was necessary, and some drawings could be reproduced precognitively.
By the 1960s, many parapsychologists had become dissatisfied with the forced-choice experiments of J. B. Rhine, partly because of boredom on the part of test participants after many repetitions of monotonous card-guessing, and partly because of the observed “decline effect” where the accuracy of card guessing would decrease over time for a given participant, which some parapsychologists attributed to this boredom.
Some parapsychologists turned to free response experimental formats where the target was not limited to a small finite predetermined set of responses (e.g., Zener cards), but rather could be any sort of picture, drawing, photograph, movie clip, piece of music etc.
Notable experiments
Zener card experiments
Zener cards
Dates run: 1930s
Experimental philosophy: A Zener Card deck is created, which consists of five cards each of five different symbols. The deck is shuffled, and the subject is asked to guess the identity of each card as it is drawn and viewed by a sender. In this experiment, telepathy is assumed to be weak, and only expected to give a small deviation towards correct answers.
Experimental design: J. B. Rhine, the experimenter, would sit across a table from the subject. He would shuffle the Zener Card deck, and draw cards one at a time. For each card, he would look at it and ask the psychic to guess its identity by reading his mind. A hit rate of significantly more than 20% was considered to be evidence of telepathy. Hit rates significantly below 20% were regarded psi-missing, the phenomenon in which psi may cause missing due to the attitude of the experimenter or subject toward the situation or subject matter.
Results: Rhine’s studies produced results significantly above or below chance in a statistical sense. He noted, however, that this experiment could not adequately distinguish telepathy from clairvoyance.
Ganzfeld experiments
(Main article: Ganzfeld)
Dates run: 1974 to present
Experimental philosophy: The subject is placed in sensory deprivation, in hopes that this will make it easier to receive and notice incoming telepathic signals. In this experiment, telepathy is assumed to be weak, and only expected to give a small deviation towards correct answers.
Experimental design: The receiver (a possible psychic, who is being tested) is placed in a soundproof room and sits reclining in a comfortable chair. The subject wears headphones that play continuous white noise or pink noise. Halves of ping pong balls are placed over their eyes, and a red light is shined onto the subject’s face. These conditions are intended to cause the receiver to enter a state similar to being in a sensory deprivation chamber.
The sender is seated in another soundproof room, and is assigned one of four potential targets, randomly selected. Typically, these targets are pictures or video clips. The sender attempts to telepathically “send” information about the target to the receiver. The receiver is generally asked to speak throughout the sending process, and their voice is piped to the sender and experimenter. This is to assist the sender in determining if their method of “sending” information about the target is working, and adjust it if necessary. Breaks may be taken, and the sending process may be repeated multiple times.
Once the sending process is complete, the experimenter removes the receiver from isolation. The receiver is then shown the four potential targets, and asked to choose which one they believe the sender saw. To avoid potential confounding factors, the experimenter must remain ignorant of which target was chosen until the receiver chooses, and multiple sets of the pictures of videos must be used to avoid handling cues (evidence, such smudges on a picture, that the picture was handled by the sender).
A statistical analysis is performed to find out whether the subject scored significantly above or below chance.
Results: Many meta-analyses performed on multiple Ganzfeld experiments returned a hit rate of between 30% and 40%, which is significantly higher than the 25% expected by chance.
Controversy
Ganzfeld experiments:
Isolation - Not all of the studies used soundproof rooms, so it is possible that when videos were playing, the experimenter (or even the receiver) could have heard it, and later given involuntary cues to the receiver during the selection process. However, ganzfeld studies that did use soundproof rooms had a number of “hits” similar to those that did not. (Radin 1997: 77-89)
Handling cues - Only 36% of the studies performed used duplicate images or videos, so handling cues on the images or degradation of the videos may have occurred during the sending process. However, the results of studies were not found to correspond to this flaw.
Randomization - When subjects are asked to choose from a variety of selections, there is an inherent bias to not choose the first selection they are shown. If the order in which are shown the selections is randomized each time, this bias will be averaged out. However, this was often not done in the Ganzfeld experiments.
The psi assumption - The assumption that any statistical deviation from chance is evidence for telepathy is highly controversial, and often compared to the God of the gaps argument. Strictly speaking, a deviation from chance is only evidence that either this was a rare, statistically unlikely occurrence that happened by chance, or something was causing a deviation from chance. Flaws in the experimental design are a common cause of this, and so the assumption that it must be telepathy is fallacious. This does not rule out, however, that it could be telepathy.
Parapsychologists respond, however that while there are many potential theoretical explanations of psi, parapsychology as a science does not claim to understand what psi is, but
Instead, design experiments to test experiences that people have reported throughout history. If rigorous tests for what we have called “telepathy” result in effects that look like, sound like, and feel like the experiences reported in real life, then call it what you will, but the experiments confirm that this common experience is not an illusion. (Radin 1997: 210)
“Psi” is the name for an unknown factor, not necessarily for a force or factor outside the current range of scientific knowledge.
The existence of telepathy is still a matter of extreme controversy, with many skeptics stating that evidence for it does not exist. A scientific methodology that always shows statistically significant evidence of telepathy has yet to be discovered. Skeptics argue that the lack of a definitive experiment with reproducibility near 100% (e.g., like those that exist for magnetism) may indicate there is no credible scientific evidence for the existence of telepathy. Those who believe that telepathy may exist say that very few experiments in psychology, biology, or medicine can be reproduced at will with consistent results. Skeptics also point to historical cases in which flaws have been discovered in the experimental design of parapsychological studies, and the occasional cases of fraud that have marred the field. Parapsychologists such as Dean Radin argue that the extremely positive results from reputable studies, when analyzed using meta-analysis, provide strong evidence for telepathy that is almost impossible to account for using any other means.
Fraud
See Fraud section of parapsychology article
There have been instances of fraud in the history of parapsychology research, such as the Soal-Goldney experiments of 1941-43.
See also
Parapsychology
Paranormal
Psi
Extra-sensory perception
Techlepathy
Quantum pseudo-telepathy
References
^ http://www.parapsych.org/sheep_goat_effect.htm The Sheep - Goat Effect by Mario Varvoglis, Ph.D., from the website of the Parapsychological Association, retrieved December 27, 2006
^ abcdThe Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena by Dean I. Radin Harper Edge, ISBN 0-06-251502-0
^Randi, James (1995). An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural. St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-312-15119-5.
^ abcBem, Daryl J. and Honorton, Charles (1994). “Does Psi Exist?”. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 115, No. 1, 4-18. http://www.dina.kvl.dk/~abraham/psy1.html. Retrieved 2006-06-23.
^Hyman, Ray (March/April, 1996). “The Evidence for Psychic Functioning: Claims vs. Reality”. Skeptical Inquirer. http://www.csicop.org/si/9603/claims.html. Retrieved 2006-06-23.
^Wiseman, R., Smith, M,. Kornrot, D. (June 1996). “Exploring possible sender-to-experimenter acoustic leakage in the PRL autoganzfeld experiments”. Journal of Parapsychology. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n2_v60/ai_18960809.
^Hyman, Ray (1985). “The ganzfeld psi experiment: A critical appraisal”. Journal of Parapsychology (49): 3–49.
^Honorton, C (1985). “Meta-analysis of psi ganzfeld research: A response to Hyman”. Journal of Parapsychology (49): 51–91.
^Carroll, Robert Todd (2005). “The Skeptic’s Dictionary: Psi Assumption”. http://skepdic.com/psiassumption.html. Retrieved 2006-06-23.
^ http://twm.co.nz/FAQpara2.htm#9.5 Parapsychology FAQ, Compiled by Dean Radin, PhD of UNLV’s Cognitive Research Division A helpful guide to parapsychology and the facts regarding that field, Retrieved December 26, 2006
^ HONORTON, C. (1985a). How to evaluate and improve the replicability of parapsychological effects. In The Repeatability Problem in Parapsychology (B. Shapin and L. Coly, eds.) 238-255. Parapsychology Foundation, New York. RAO, K. R. (1985). Replication in conventional and controversial sciences. In The Repeatability Problem in Parapsychology (B. Shapin and L. Coly, eds.) 22-41. Parapsychology Foundation, New York.
^Carroll, Robert Todd (2005). “The Skeptic’s Dictionary; ESP (extrasensory perception)”. SkepDic.com. http://skepdic.com/esp.html. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
^ “Most academic psychologists do not yet accept the existence of psi…” Bem, Daryl J. and Honorton, Charles (1994). “Does Psi Exist?”. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 115, No. 1, 4-18. http://www.dina.kvl.dk/~abraham/psy1.html. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
Further reading
Alcock, James (1981), Parapsychology: Science or Magic? A Psychological Perspective, Pergamon Press, ISBN 0-08-025772-0
Alcock, James E. (1990), Science and Supernature: A Critical Appraisal of Parapsychology, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-516-4
Hansel, C. E. M. (1966), ESP: A Scientific Evaluation, Charles Scribner’s Sons, ISBN 0684310503
Hansel, C.E.M. (1989), The Search for Psychic Power: ESP & Parapsychology Revisited, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-533-4
Hyman, Ray (1989), The Elusive Quarry: A Scientific Appraisal of Psychical Research, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-504-0
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_investigation_of_telepathy”
Categories: Telepathy | Parapsychology | ParanormalHidden categories: NPOV disputes from December 2007 | All NPOV disputes | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007
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Created by writ. In 1330, Roger de Mortimer, 1st Earl of March and 2nd Baron Mortimer of Wigmore, was attainted and his titles were forfeited. In 1331, his son Edmund de Mortimer was summoned to Parliament and the title was effectively re-created, as the attainder had not been reversed.
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (October 2007)
Bill Holm (born 1925 in Roundup, Montana) is a U.S. artist, author and art historian specializing in the visual arts of Northwest Coast Native Americans as well as a practitioner and teacher of the Northwest Coast art style. He is Professor Emeritus of Art History, and Curator Emeritus of Northwest Coast Indian Art at the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture and occasionally lectures at the University of Washington in Seattle.
His 1965 book Northwest Coast Indian Art: An Analysis of Form has for decades been the standard introductory text in the field; it is currently in its 17th printing.
His students have included the Haida carver Freda Diesing and many others.
His eight books have won scholarly acclaim and recognition with four Washington State Governor’s Writers Awards, and two special Governor’s awards. His achievements as an artist were celebrated in a 2000 book, Sun Dogs and Eagle Down, The Indian Paintings of Bill Holm. In 2001, he was honored with a certificate of appreciation from the Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian people of Southeast Alaska through the Sealaska Heritage Institute. The Native American Art Studies Association recognized him with its Honor Award in 1991. The University of Washington honored him with a Distinguished Achievement Award from the College of Arts and Sciences in 1994 and selected him to give the annual University Faculty Lecture in 2003.
The Bill Holm Center at the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture was named for him, and the University of Washington annually gives out The Bill Holm Center Graduate Fellowshipwhich funds students doing research and writing on Native art of the Pacific Northwest Coast.
In 1942 he became involved with Camp Nor’wester, a summer camp located in the San Juan Islands of Washington State. It was through this involvement he and his wife Marty struck up a friendship with Mungo Martin, which led to significant artistic accomplishments including the recording of hundreds of traditional Kwakwaka’wakw songs, the construction of “big houses” and totem poles on Lopez Island and John’s Island, many traditional masks for dances, four Haida style canoes, and more.
In 1953 he married his wife Marty, a highly skilled dancer well respected by the Kwakwaka’wakw people; they have two daughters, and each family member were given Kwakwaka’wakw names, a rare honor. British Columbia Provincial judge Alfred Scow, a Kwakwaka’wakw elder, said ” has been a respectful student of our tradition, who took pains to learn Kwakwala. He is a very thorough art historian.”
In 1962, a series of large paintings by Holm introduced Northwest Native motifs in the gallery of Northwest Coast art at the Century 21 Exposition (the 1962 Seattle World’s Fair).
Contents
1Works
2Films
3Notes
4References
5Sources
Works
(1965) Northwest Coast Indian Art, An Analysis of Form. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
(1972) Crooked Beak of Heaven. Index of Art in the Pacific Northwest, No. 3, University of Washington Press, Seattle.
(1975) Form and Freedom: A Dialogue on Northwest Coast Indian Art (with Bill Reid). Institute for the Arts, Rice University, Houston.
(1976) Indian Art of the Northwest Coast: A Dialogue on Craftsmanship and Aesthetics.(republication of Form and Freedom) University of Washington Press, Seattle.
(1980) Edward S. Curtis in the Land of the War Canoes: A Pioneer Cinematographer in the Pacific Northwest. (with George I. Quimby) University of Washington Press, Seattle.
(1982) Soft Gold: The Fur Trade and Cultural Exchange on the Northwest Coast of America. (with Thomas Vaughan). Oregon Historical Society, Portland.
(1983) Smoky-Top: The Art and Times of Willie Seaweed. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
(1983) The Box of Daylight: Northwest Coast Indian Art. Seattle Art Museum and University of Washington Press, Seattle.
(1987) Spirit and Ancestor: a Century of Northwest Coast Art in the Burke Museum. University of Washington Press.
(2000) Sundogs and Eagle Down: the Indian Paintings of Bill Holm, by Stephen C. Brown and Lloyd J. Averill. University of Washington Press.
Films
(1973) The Kwakiutl of British Columbia. A film made in 1930 by Franz Boas. Edited and with notes by Bill Holm. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
(1973) In the Land of the War Canoes. A film made in 1914 by Edward S. Curtis. Edited and with sound track directed by Bill Holm. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
(1980) The Image Maker and the Indian. (with George I.Quimby) University of Washington Press, Seattle.
A Man From Roundup: The Life and Times of Bill Holm Biography by Lloyd J. Averill
Bill Holm Center at the Burke Museum
Camp Nor’wester
Sources
Macnair, Peter L., Alan L. Hoover, and Kevin Neary (1984) The Legacy: Tradition and Innovation in Northwest Coast Indian Art. Vancouver, B.C.: Douglas & McIntyre.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Holm_(art_historian)”
Categories: Living people | 1925 births | American art historians | American artists | People from Montana | Pacific Northwest artists | Northwest Coast art | University of Washington alumniHidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from October 2007 | All articles lacking in-text citations
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